每經記者｜胥帥    每經編輯(ji)｜梁梟     

全(quan)國人大(da)代表、全(quan)國工商聯副主席、通威集團董事局主席劉(liu)(liu)漢(han)元(yuan)已連續(xu)27年(nian)參加全(quan)國兩會，積極為(wei)中國新能源產(chan)業(ye)發展(zhan)“鼓(gu)與呼”。今年(nian)兩會，劉(liu)(liu)漢(han)元(yuan)將(jiang)針對(dui)構建(jian)以抽水蓄(xu)能、新型儲能為(wei)主，電動汽車等(deng)(deng)其他多種儲能形式為(wei)輔的綜合性(xing)儲能系統，推進低(di)碳中國進程等(deng)(deng)方面提出相關(guan)建(jian)議。

其中，劉漢(han)元(yuan)重點(dian)提及(ji)了光(guang)儲(chu)度電成本(ben)。他(ta)認為，光(guang)儲(chu)合計度電成本(ben)東(dong)部有(you)望降(jiang)至0.3元(yuan)/kWh至0.4元(yuan)/kWh，西部降(jiang)至0.3元(yuan)/kWh以內，完全具備(bei)經(jing)濟性，真(zhen)正實現光(guang)儲(chu)一(yi)體平價上網。

劉漢(han)元 受訪者供圖

“缺乏合理回報機制是發展抽水蓄能制約因素”

去(qu)年全國兩會(hui)，劉漢元針(zhen)對(dui)優先保障硅(gui)(gui)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)產(chan)業用電需(xu)求，支撐“雙碳”目標落(luo)地提出(chu)了相關(guan)建(jian)議。他認為，硅(gui)(gui)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)產(chan)業的穩(wen)健快速發展，對(dui)鞏固我國在可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)領(ling)域的全球領(ling)先地位，助力“雙碳”目標早日實(shi)現(xian)，推動全球能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)轉型都(dou)具有(you)重大的現(xian)實(shi)和歷史意義。

今年兩會(hui)，劉漢元將針對構建以抽水蓄能(neng)、新型儲(chu)能(neng)為主，電動汽車等(deng)其(qi)他多種儲(chu)能(neng)形式為輔的綜合(he)性儲(chu)能(neng)系統，推進低碳中國進程等(deng)方面提(ti)出相關(guan)建議。

《每日(ri)經濟新聞(wen)》記者于3月3日(ri)獲取(qu)了劉漢元的建議內容(rong)。他表示，在各類儲(chu)能方式中，抽(chou)水(shui)蓄能具(ju)有調(diao)(diao)峰填(tian)谷、調(diao)(diao)頻、調(diao)(diao)相、儲(chu)能、事故備用、黑啟動等(deng)多種(zhong)功能，是目(mu)前最成熟、度(du)電(dian)成本最低的儲(chu)能技術，兼具(ju)使用壽命長、轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)效率高、裝機容(rong)量(liang)大、持(chi)續放電(dian)時(shi)間長等(deng)特點，能量(liang)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)效率在75%左右(you)。隨(sui)著我國能源結構中可再生能源占比不斷(duan)提(ti)升，未來(lai)大部分抽(chou)水(shui)蓄能電(dian)站都(dou)會參與日(ri)內調(diao)(diao)節，按每天充放電(dian)一次計算，抽(chou)水(shui)蓄能電(dian)站的利用時(shi)數將(jiang)大大提(ti)升，儲(chu)能度(du)電(dian)成本將(jiang)大幅降低。

劉漢元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)對投(tou)資(zi)成本(ben)作過一(yi)個測算：普通水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)為9000元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/kW左右(you)(you)，大型(xing)(xing)抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)在(zai)(zai)6000元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/kW左右(you)(you)，中(zhong)小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)（裝(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)量小(xiao)于50MW）因(yin)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)難(nan)度(du)較(jiao)低(di)，投(tou)資(zi)成本(ben)在(zai)(zai)5000元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/ kW以內。通過優化(hua)設計，采用(yong)小(xiao)水(shui)(shui)庫容(rong)量方案，投(tou)資(zi)成本(ben)還可(ke)大幅降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)至(zhi)2000元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/kW左右(you)(you)。目前，抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本(ben)在(zai)(zai)0.21元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/ kWh至(zhi)0.25元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/kWh，低(di)于其(qi)他儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)。如采用(yong)小(xiao)水(shui)(shui)庫方案，同(tong)時合理增加每日(ri)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次數，在(zai)(zai)現有技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)條件下(xia)，抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本(ben)可(ke)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)到0.1元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/kWh左右(you)(you)。當(dang)前，光伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)(zai)東部(bu)地區已降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)至(zhi)0.2元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/kWh至(zhi)0.3元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/kWh，西(xi)部(bu)地區降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)到0.2元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/kWh以內，二者(zhe)疊(die)加，光儲(chu)合計度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本(ben)東部(bu)有望降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)至(zhi)0.3至(zhi)0.4元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/kWh，西(xi)部(bu)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)至(zhi)0.3元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/kWh以內，甚至(zhi)更(geng)低(di)，完全(quan)具備(bei)經濟性，真正(zheng)實(shi)現光儲(chu)一(yi)體平價上(shang)網。

數(shu)據顯(xian)示，截至2023年(nian)底，中國已投運(yun)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)項(xiang)目累計(ji)裝機達86.5GW，其(qi)中抽水蓄能(neng)累計(ji)裝機51.3GW，占比(bi)從(cong)2022年(nian)77.1%降至59.4%；新(xin)型儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)累計(ji)裝機34.5GW，占比(bi)提升至39.9%。

劉(liu)漢元表示，近十(shi)多年(nian)來，我國抽水(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)展(zhan)速度(du)(du)整體較慢，建設速度(du)(du)始終(zhong)不及預期，“十(shi)二五(wu)”“十(shi)三五(wu)”新增裝機均(jun)未達到(dao)規劃目(mu)標。根(gen)據《抽水(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)中(zhong)長期發(fa)展(zhan)規劃（2021~2035年(nian)）》，到(dao)2025年(nian)，我國抽水(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)投產總規模(mo)將達到(dao)62GW以上，到(dao)2030年(nian)達到(dao)120GW左右(you)。但要(yao)匹配可再生能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)展(zhan)速度(du)(du)，該(gai)規劃目(mu)標還遠遠不夠。根(gen)據相關機構預測，我國要(yao)實現碳中(zhong)和(he)目(mu)標，按最保守估(gu)算，到(dao)2025年(nian)抽水(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)電站裝機規模(mo)需達到(dao)130GW，2030年(nian)達到(dao)250GW。

“制(zhi)約我國抽(chou)(chou)水(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)最核心問題是電價(jia)制(zhi)度不(bu)夠完善，缺乏合(he)理的(de)回報機制(zhi)。隨著兩(liang)部制(zhi)電價(jia)落地，阻礙抽(chou)(chou)水(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)核心問題有望得到(dao)解決，產(chan)業預計將迎來爆發(fa)式增(zeng)長。”劉漢元(yuan)說，制(zhi)約抽(chou)(chou)水(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)因素(su)還(huan)包括建設周期(qi)長，生(sheng)態環境及(ji)地質條(tiao)件(jian)要求嚴格(ge)，審批困(kun)難等。通過對梯級水(shui)電及(ji)不(bu)同(tong)規(gui)模的(de)常規(gui)水(shui)電進行改造，可形成混合(he)抽(chou)(chou)水(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)電站(zhan)，不(bu)僅改造周期(qi)短、投資(zi)小，還(huan)能(neng)提(ti)高(gao)現有電網利用率，是未來抽(chou)(chou)水(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)重要方向之一。

“電動汽車保有量是解決電網儲能關鍵”

抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)之外，劉(liu)漢元還提(ti)到鋰電池儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)。近(jin)年來，隨著電池價格不斷降低(di)，以鋰電為主的(de)新(xin)型(xing)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)獲得(de)快(kuai)速(su)發展，新(xin)增裝(zhuang)機(ji)規模大幅提(ti)升，提(ti)前兩年完成了(le)“十(shi)四五(wu)”規劃的(de)新(xin)型(xing)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)裝(zhuang)機(ji)目標。截至2023年底，全國已有超(chao)過(guo)25個省（區、市）出臺了(le)“十(shi)四五(wu)”新(xin)型(xing)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)裝(zhuang)機(ji)規劃，裝(zhuang)機(ji)目標超(chao)過(guo)70GW。

劉漢元(yuan)(yuan)認為(wei)，目前，鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)儲(chu)能(neng)的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)建設(she)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)已降(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)1000元(yuan)(yuan)/kWh以(yi)(yi)內，且電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)價格還在(zai)持續(xu)降(jiang)(jiang)低，未來不久系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)大(da)(da)概率會(hui)降(jiang)(jiang)低到(dao)500元(yuan)(yuan)/kWh左右，充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環壽命可達8000至10000次(ci)，按年充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數500次(ci)計算，鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)儲(chu)能(neng)的(de)(de)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)可以(yi)(yi)降(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)0.1元(yuan)(yuan)/kWh左右，同樣具(ju)備了大(da)(da)規模應用的(de)(de)經濟性。同時(shi)(shi)，隨(sui)著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)(de)爆發式增(zeng)長，車載動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)也具(ju)備了成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)儲(chu)能(neng)終端的(de)(de)巨大(da)(da)潛力(li)。如(ru)能(neng)有效利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車大(da)(da)量閑置(zhi)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)和冗余充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數，作為(wei)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式儲(chu)能(neng)單元(yuan)(yuan)接入系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，除行駛(shi)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)以(yi)(yi)外，大(da)(da)部分(fen)(fen)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)在(zai)線，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)儲(chu)能(neng)、微網(wang)(wang)儲(chu)能(neng)、小區儲(chu)能(neng)、家用儲(chu)能(neng)的(de)(de)一部分(fen)(fen)，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰時(shi)(shi)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)反向(xiang)售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低谷時(shi)(shi)存儲(chu)過剩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，不但為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)穩定作出貢(gong)獻，還能(neng)以(yi)(yi)市(shi)場化方(fang)式通過充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價差獲得相應收益，分(fen)(fen)攤購(gou)買(mai)整車或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)包(bao)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)，實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)良性互(hu)動(dong)。

據劉(liu)漢元(yuan)測(ce)算，一臺(tai)價值30萬元(yuan)、電(dian)(dian)池容量(liang)100kWh的(de)電(dian)(dian)車(che)，按每天(tian)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)兩次套利(li)計算，大(da)約七到八(ba)年(nian)時(shi)間(jian)即可收回全(quan)部(bu)購車(che)成(cheng)本。據相關機構(gou)預測(ce)，到2050年(nian)我(wo)國汽車(che)保有量(liang)將達到5億輛(liang)~10億輛(liang)，其中電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)占(zhan)比超過90%。屆時(shi)，僅依靠電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)即可滿(man)足我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)網2天(tian)~4天(tian)的(de)儲能需要。

結合抽(chou)水(shui)蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)、新型(xing)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)各自(zi)特點，二(er)者優勢互補，構建(jian)(jian)以抽(chou)水(shui)蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)、新型(xing)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)為主(zhu)，電動(dong)汽車等其他多種儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)形式(shi)為輔(fu)的綜合性儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)，為大(da)規(gui)模(mo)、高比例(li)可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源接(jie)入形成有力支撐，助力新型(xing)電力系統(tong)打造，推(tui)進(jin)低碳中(zhong)國(guo)進(jin)程，劉漢元對(dui)此建(jian)(jian)議(yi)：

一是進一步加(jia)大政(zheng)策驅動力(li)度(du)，補齊歷(li)史(shi)“欠(qian)賬”，跟上可再生能(neng)源(yuan)發展速度(du)，集中精力(li)在“十四五(wu)”“十五(wu)五(wu)”期(qi)間，大規模開工建(jian)設抽(chou)水蓄能(neng)項目，尤其(qi)是距離(li)負荷中心近、建(jian)設周期(qi)短的(de)中小型離(li)河抽(chou)水蓄能(neng)項目。

二是進一步(bu)加(jia)大力(li)度推動(dong)新型儲(chu)(chu)能發展，支(zhi)持新型儲(chu)(chu)能參(can)與(yu)調峰調頻的(de)投資(zi)和建(jian)設，引(yin)導和鼓(gu)勵(li)市場主(zhu)體參(can)與(yu)儲(chu)(chu)能業務，用市場化(hua)機制解決儲(chu)(chu)能面臨的(de)問(wen)題。鼓(gu)勵(li)并(bing)推動(dong)部分局(ju)域網(wang)(wang)、微網(wang)(wang)、自備(bei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)率(lv)先實現發儲(chu)(chu)用一體化(hua)方案(an)解決。三(san)是建(jian)議加(jia)快研(yan)究制定(ding)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)參(can)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)儲(chu)(chu)能的(de)相(xiang)關配套政策措施。加(jia)快車(che)網(wang)(wang)互動(dong)技術研(yan)發，不斷提高電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)協(xie)調運(yun)行的(de)可靠性(xing)、經(jing)濟性(xing)，引(yin)導車(che)主(zhu)參(can)與(yu)智能化(hua)有序充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)，推動(dong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)以市場化(hua)方式參(can)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)儲(chu)(chu)能服務。